Extreme events refer to rare, unpredictable, and highly impactful occurrences that deviate significantly from the norm in a given system or environment. These events can include natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods, as well as human-induced events like terrorist attacks or financial crises. Researchers in this area aim to understand the causes, patterns, and impacts of extreme events in order to better predict, mitigate, and respond to them in the future. This field often combines expertise from various disciplines such as climatology, geology, sociology, and engineering to address the complex challenges posed by extreme events.